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''the CIVIL warS: a tree is best measured when it is down''〔The eccentric typography of the title is explained by Wilson as a wish to emphasize both the civil nature of the war and the plurality of it. The subtitle is taken from Carl Sandburg's biography ''Abraham Lincoln: The War Years'': "A tree is best measured when it is down—and so it is with people."〕 is an opera created in the early 1980s by director Robert Wilson to music by Philip Glass, David Byrne, Gavin Bryars and others. The vast five-act work has never been performed whole. Originally, ''The Civil Wars'' was conceived as a single daylong piece of music theatre to accompany the 1984 Summer Olympics. Six different composers from six different countries were to compose sections of Wilson's text inspired by the American Civil War. After initial premieres in their countries of origin, the six parts were to be fused in one epic performance in Los Angeles during the games, a parallel to the internationalist ideals of the Olympic movement. The premiere of the full work was cancelled when funding failed to materialize (despite the Olympic Committee's offer of matching funds) and deadlines were not met. But four of the six sections had full productions under Wilson's direction in Minneapolis, Rome, Rotterdam and Cologne, with workshop productions of the other two sections in Tokyo and Marseille. A documentary on the work's creative process, ''Robert Wilson and the Civil Wars'', was released in 1987. It is out of print. ==Minneapolis section: ''The Knee Plays''== The American section of ''The Civil Wars'' was a series of twelve brief interludes intended to connect the larger scenes and provide time for set changes. David Byrne was the composer of these mostly wordless pieces, and choreography was by Suzushi Hanayagi. ''The Knee Plays'' premiered in April 1984 at the Walker Art Center. With no singers, ''The Knee Plays'' told its story through nine dancers wearing white doctor's smocks. The style of presentation was influenced by Japanese Bunraku puppetry and Noh and Kabuki theater. The designs, by Jun Matsuno with Wilson and Byrne, were modular white squares resembling Japanese shoji screens that moved fluidly to redefine the space for each scene. Byrne's music, however, took its inspiration not from Japan but from the Dirty Dozen Brass Band of New Orleans. The instrumentation was for a brass ensemble, and incorporated a number of traditional tunes, including "In the Upper Room", "Social Studies (The Gift of Sound)", "Theadora is Dozing", and "Things to Do (I've Tried)". New York Times critic John Rockwell wrote "The 'plot' traces the transformation of a tree into a boat into a book into a tree again, almost as a cycle of nature () All of which means little in words, but much in stage pictures." Wilson coined the term "knee play", meaning an interlude between scenes, for the opera ''Einstein on the Beach''. The term emerges from Wilson's conception of these pieces as connective tissue linking the "meat" of a performance. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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